Alphabetic[edit]
Main article: Keyboard layout
The 104-key PC US English QWERTY keyboard blueprint acquired from the accepted typewriter keyboard, with added keys for computing.
The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard blueprint arranges keys so that frequently acclimated keys are easiest to press, which reduces beef fatigue if accounting accepted English.
There are a amount of altered arrange of alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation symbols on keys. These altered keyboard layouts arise mainly because altered humans charge simple admission to altered symbols, either because they are inputting argument in altered languages, or because they charge a specialized blueprint for mathematics, accounting, computer programming, or added purposes. The United States keyboard blueprint is acclimated as absence in the currently a lot of accepted operating systems: Windows,[3] Mac OS X[4] and Linux.[5][6] The accepted QWERTY-based blueprint was advised aboriginal in the era of automated typewriters, so its ergonomics were compromised to acquiesce for the automated limitations of the typewriter.
As the letter-keys were absorbed to levers that bare to move freely, artist Christopher Sholes developed the QWERTY blueprint to abate the likelihood of jamming. With the appearance of computers, batten jams are no best an issue, but nevertheless, QWERTY layouts were adopted for cyberbanking keyboards because they were broadly used. Alternative layouts such as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard are not in boundless use.
The QWERTZ blueprint is broadly acclimated in Germany and abundant of Central Europe. The capital aberration amid it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped, and a lot of appropriate characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters.
Another bearings takes abode with "national" layouts. Keyboards advised for accounting in Spanish accept some characters shifted, to absolution the amplitude for Г‘ Г±; similarly, those for French and added European languages may accept a appropriate key for the appearance Г‡ Г§. The AZERTY blueprint is acclimated in France, Belgium and some neighbouring countries. It differs from the QWERTY blueprint in that the A and Q are swapped, the Z and W are swapped, and the M is confused from the appropriate of N to the appropriate of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the aforementioned keys, but to be typed the about-face key accept to be pressed. The unshifted positions are acclimated for absolute characters.
Keyboards in abounding locations of Asia may accept appropriate keys to about-face amid the Latin appearance set and a absolutely altered accounting system. Japanese blueprint keyboards can be switched amid assorted Japanese ascribe methods and the Latin alphabet by signaling the operating system's ascribe analyst of the change, and some operating systems (namely the Windows family) adapt the appearance "" as "ВҐ" for affectation purposes afterwards alteration the bytecode which has led some keyboard makers to mark "" as "ВҐ" or both. In the Arab world, keyboards can generally be switched amid Arabic and Latin characters.
In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking arena of QuГ©bec, keyboards can generally be switched amid an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards allotment the aforementioned QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to blazon absolute vowels such as "Г©" or "Г " with a individual keystroke. Application keyboards for added languages leads to a conflict: the angel on the key does not accord to the character. In such cases, anniversary new emphasis may crave an added characterization on the keys, because the accepted keyboard layouts do not allotment even agnate characters of altered languages (see the archetype in the amount above).
Key types[edit]
Alphanumeric[edit]
A Hebrew keyboard lets the user blazon in both Hebrew and the Latin alphabet.
A Greek keyboard lets the user blazon in both Greek and the Latin alphabet (MacBook Pro).
The Control, Windows, and Alt keys are important modifier keys.
A Space-cadet keyboard has abounding modifier keys.
Alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys are acclimated in the aforementioned appearance as a typewriter keyboard to admission their corresponding attribute into a chat processing program, argument editor, abstracts spreadsheet, or added program. Abounding of these keys will aftermath altered symbols if modifier keys or about-face keys are pressed. The alphabetic characters become uppercase if the about-face key or Caps Lock key is depressed. The numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks if the about-face key is depressed. The alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys can aswell accept added functions if they are apprenticed at the aforementioned time as some modifier keys.
The Amplitude bar is a accumbent bar in the basal row, which is decidedly added than added keys. Like the alphanumeric characters, it is aswell descended from the automated typewriter. Its capital purpose is to admission the amplitude amid words during typing. It is ample abundant so that a deride from either duke can use it easily. Depending on the operating system, if the amplitude bar is acclimated with a modifier key such as the ascendancy key, it may accept functions such as resizing or closing the accepted window, half-spacing, or backspacing. In computer amateur and added applications the key has countless uses in accession to its accustomed purpose in typing, such as jumping and abacus marks to analysis boxes. In assertive programs for playback of agenda video, the amplitude bar is acclimated for pausing and resuming the playback.
Modifier keys[edit]
Modifier keys are appropriate keys that adapt the accustomed activity of accession key, if the two are apprenticed in combination. For example,+ in Microsoft Windows will abutting the affairs in an alive window. In contrast, acute just will apparently do nothing, unless assigned a specific action in a accurate program. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing.
The a lot of broadly acclimated modifier keys cover the Ascendancy key, About-face key and the Alt key. The AltGr key is acclimated to admission added symbols for keys that accept three symbols printed on them. On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards, the modifier keys are the Option key and Command key, respectively. On MIT computer keyboards, the Meta key is acclimated as a modifier and for Windows keyboards, there is a Windows key. Compact keyboard layouts generally use a Fn key. "Dead keys" acquiesce adjustment of a characteristic mark, such as an accent, on the afterward letter (e.g., the Compose key).
The Enter/Return key about causes a command line, window anatomy or chat box to accomplish its absence function, which is about to accomplishment an "entry" and activate the adapted process. In chat processing applications, acute the admission key ends a branch and starts a new one.
Cursor keys[edit]
Navigation keys or cursor keys cover a array of keys which move the cursor to altered positions on the screen. Arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a defined direction; page annal keys, such as the Page Up and Page Down keys, annal the page up and down. The Home key is acclimated to acknowledgment the cursor to the alpha of the band area the cursor is located; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line. The Tab key advances the cursor to the next tab stop.
The Admit key is mainly acclimated to about-face amid overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any argument that is present on and afterwards its accepted location, and admit mode, area the cursor inserts a appearance at its accepted position, banishment all characters accomplished it one position further. The Delete key discards the appearance advanced of the cursor's position, affective all afterward characters one position "back" arise the freed place. On abounding anthology computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the aforementioned key) serves the aforementioned purpose as a Backspace key. The Backspace key deletes the above-mentioned character.
Lock keys lock allotment of a keyboard, depending on the settings selected. The lock keys are broadcast about the keyboard. A lot of styles of keyboards accept three LEDs advertence which locks are enabled, in the high appropriate bend aloft the numeric pad. The lock keys cover Annal lock, Num lock (which allows the use of the numeric keypad), and Caps lock.
System commands[edit]
The SysRq and Print awning commands generally allotment the aforementioned key. SysRq was acclimated in beforehand computers as a "panic" button to balance from crashes (and it is still acclimated in this faculty to some admeasurement by the Linux kernel; see Magic SysRq key). The Print awning command acclimated to abduction the absolute awning and forward it to the printer, but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the clipboard. The Breach key/Pause key no best has a categorical purpose. Its origins go aback to teleprinter users, who capital a key that would briefly arrest the communications line. The Breach key can be acclimated by software in several altered ways, such as to about-face amid assorted login sessions, to abolish a program, or to arrest a modem connection.
In programming, abnormally old DOS-style BASIC, Pascal and C, Breach is acclimated (in affiliation with Ctrl) to stop affairs execution. In accession to this, Linux and variants, as able-bodied as abounding DOS programs, amusement this aggregate the aforementioned as Ctrl+C. On avant-garde keyboards, the breach key is usually labeled Pause/Break. In a lot of Windows environments, the key aggregate Windows key+Pause brings up the adjustment properties.
The Escape key (often abbreviated Esc) is acclimated to admit an escape sequence. As a lot of computer users no best are anxious with the data of authoritative their computer's peripherals, the assignment for which the escape sequences were originally designed, the escape key was appointed by appliance programmers, a lot of generally to "escape" or aback out of a mistaken command. This use continues today in Microsoft Windows's use of escape as a adjustment in chat boxes for No, Quit, Exit, Cancel, or Abort.
A accepted appliance today of the Esc key is as a adjustment key for the Stop button in abounding web browsers. On machines active Microsoft Windows, above-mentioned to the accomplishing of the Windows key on keyboards, the archetypal convenance for invoking the "start" button was to authority down the ascendancy key and columnist escape. This action still works in Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, and 8.
The Admission key is located: One in the alphanumeric keys and the added one is in the numeric keys. If one formed something on their computer and capital to do something with their work, acute the admission key would do the command they ordered. Accession action is to actualize a amplitude for next paragraph. If one typed and accomplished accounting a branch and they capital to accept a additional paragraph, they could columnist admission and it would do spacing.
Shift key: if one presses about-face and a letter, it will capitalize the letter apprenticed with the about-face key. Accession use is to blazon added symbols than arise to be available, for instance the apostrophe key is accompanied with a citation mark on the top. If one wants to blazon the citation mark but apprenticed that key alone, the attribute that would arise would be the apostrophe. The citation mark will alone arise if both the appropriate key and the About-face key are pressed.
The Card key or Appliance key is a key begin on Windows-oriented computer keyboards. It is acclimated to barrage a ambience card with the keyboard rather than with the accepted appropriate abrasion button. The key's attribute is usually a baby figure depicting a cursor aerial aloft a menu. On some Samsung keyboards the cursor in the figure is not present, assuming the card only. This key was created at the aforementioned time as the Windows key. This key is commonly acclimated if the appropriate abrasion button is not present on the mouse. Some Windows accessible terminals do not accept a Card key on their keyboard to anticipate users from right-clicking (however, in abounding Windows applications, a agnate functionality can be invoked with the Shift+F10 keyboard shortcut).
Miscellaneous[edit]
Multimedia buttons on some keyboards accord quick admission to the Internet or ascendancy the aggregate of the speakers.
Many, but not all, computer keyboards accept a numeric keypad to the appropriate of the alphabetic keyboard which contains numbers, basal algebraic symbols (e.g., addition, subtraction, etc.), and a few action keys. On Japanese/Korean keyboards, there may be Emphasis ascribe keys. Some keyboards accept adeptness administration keys (e.g., adeptness key, beddy-bye key and deathwatch key); Internet keys to admission a web browser or E-mail; and/or multimedia keys, such as aggregate controls or keys that can be programmed by the user to barrage a defined software or command like ablution a bold or abbreviate all windows.
Numeric keys[edit]
When we calculate, we use these numeric keys to blazon numbers. Symbols anxious with calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and analysis symbols are amid in this accumulation of keys. The admission key in this keys announce the according sign.
Multiple layouts[edit]
It is accessible to install assorted keyboard layouts aural an operating adjustment and about-face amid them, either through appearance implemented aural the OS, or through an alien application. Microsoft Windows,[7] Linux,[8] and Mac[9] accommodate abutment to add keyboard layouts and accept from them.
Layout alteration software[edit]
The appearance cipher produced by any key columnist is bent by the keyboard disciplinarian software. A key columnist generates a scancode which is interpreted as an alphanumeric appearance or ascendancy function. Depending on operating systems, assorted appliance programs are accessible to create, add and about-face a part of keyboard layouts. Abounding programs are available, some of which are emphasis specific.
The adjustment of symbols of specific emphasis can be customized. An absolute keyboard blueprint can be edited, and a new blueprint can be created application this blazon of software.
For example, Ukelele for Mac, The Microsoft Keyboard Blueprint Creator[10] and open-source Avro Keyboard for Windows ACCOMMODATE THE
adeptness to adapt the keyboard blueprint as desired. Added programs with agnate functions cover The Microsoft Keyboard Blueprint Creator.[11]
Main article: Keyboard layout
The 104-key PC US English QWERTY keyboard blueprint acquired from the accepted typewriter keyboard, with added keys for computing.
The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard blueprint arranges keys so that frequently acclimated keys are easiest to press, which reduces beef fatigue if accounting accepted English.
There are a amount of altered arrange of alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation symbols on keys. These altered keyboard layouts arise mainly because altered humans charge simple admission to altered symbols, either because they are inputting argument in altered languages, or because they charge a specialized blueprint for mathematics, accounting, computer programming, or added purposes. The United States keyboard blueprint is acclimated as absence in the currently a lot of accepted operating systems: Windows,[3] Mac OS X[4] and Linux.[5][6] The accepted QWERTY-based blueprint was advised aboriginal in the era of automated typewriters, so its ergonomics were compromised to acquiesce for the automated limitations of the typewriter.
As the letter-keys were absorbed to levers that bare to move freely, artist Christopher Sholes developed the QWERTY blueprint to abate the likelihood of jamming. With the appearance of computers, batten jams are no best an issue, but nevertheless, QWERTY layouts were adopted for cyberbanking keyboards because they were broadly used. Alternative layouts such as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard are not in boundless use.
The QWERTZ blueprint is broadly acclimated in Germany and abundant of Central Europe. The capital aberration amid it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped, and a lot of appropriate characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters.
Another bearings takes abode with "national" layouts. Keyboards advised for accounting in Spanish accept some characters shifted, to absolution the amplitude for Г‘ Г±; similarly, those for French and added European languages may accept a appropriate key for the appearance Г‡ Г§. The AZERTY blueprint is acclimated in France, Belgium and some neighbouring countries. It differs from the QWERTY blueprint in that the A and Q are swapped, the Z and W are swapped, and the M is confused from the appropriate of N to the appropriate of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the aforementioned keys, but to be typed the about-face key accept to be pressed. The unshifted positions are acclimated for absolute characters.
Keyboards in abounding locations of Asia may accept appropriate keys to about-face amid the Latin appearance set and a absolutely altered accounting system. Japanese blueprint keyboards can be switched amid assorted Japanese ascribe methods and the Latin alphabet by signaling the operating system's ascribe analyst of the change, and some operating systems (namely the Windows family) adapt the appearance "" as "ВҐ" for affectation purposes afterwards alteration the bytecode which has led some keyboard makers to mark "" as "ВҐ" or both. In the Arab world, keyboards can generally be switched amid Arabic and Latin characters.
In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking arena of QuГ©bec, keyboards can generally be switched amid an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards allotment the aforementioned QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to blazon absolute vowels such as "Г©" or "Г " with a individual keystroke. Application keyboards for added languages leads to a conflict: the angel on the key does not accord to the character. In such cases, anniversary new emphasis may crave an added characterization on the keys, because the accepted keyboard layouts do not allotment even agnate characters of altered languages (see the archetype in the amount above).
Key types[edit]
Alphanumeric[edit]
A Hebrew keyboard lets the user blazon in both Hebrew and the Latin alphabet.
A Greek keyboard lets the user blazon in both Greek and the Latin alphabet (MacBook Pro).
The Control, Windows, and Alt keys are important modifier keys.
A Space-cadet keyboard has abounding modifier keys.
Alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys are acclimated in the aforementioned appearance as a typewriter keyboard to admission their corresponding attribute into a chat processing program, argument editor, abstracts spreadsheet, or added program. Abounding of these keys will aftermath altered symbols if modifier keys or about-face keys are pressed. The alphabetic characters become uppercase if the about-face key or Caps Lock key is depressed. The numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks if the about-face key is depressed. The alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys can aswell accept added functions if they are apprenticed at the aforementioned time as some modifier keys.
The Amplitude bar is a accumbent bar in the basal row, which is decidedly added than added keys. Like the alphanumeric characters, it is aswell descended from the automated typewriter. Its capital purpose is to admission the amplitude amid words during typing. It is ample abundant so that a deride from either duke can use it easily. Depending on the operating system, if the amplitude bar is acclimated with a modifier key such as the ascendancy key, it may accept functions such as resizing or closing the accepted window, half-spacing, or backspacing. In computer amateur and added applications the key has countless uses in accession to its accustomed purpose in typing, such as jumping and abacus marks to analysis boxes. In assertive programs for playback of agenda video, the amplitude bar is acclimated for pausing and resuming the playback.
Modifier keys[edit]
Modifier keys are appropriate keys that adapt the accustomed activity of accession key, if the two are apprenticed in combination. For example,
The a lot of broadly acclimated modifier keys cover the Ascendancy key, About-face key and the Alt key. The AltGr key is acclimated to admission added symbols for keys that accept three symbols printed on them. On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards, the modifier keys are the Option key and Command key, respectively. On MIT computer keyboards, the Meta key is acclimated as a modifier and for Windows keyboards, there is a Windows key. Compact keyboard layouts generally use a Fn key. "Dead keys" acquiesce adjustment of a characteristic mark, such as an accent, on the afterward letter (e.g., the Compose key).
The Enter/Return key about causes a command line, window anatomy or chat box to accomplish its absence function, which is about to accomplishment an "entry" and activate the adapted process. In chat processing applications, acute the admission key ends a branch and starts a new one.
Cursor keys[edit]
Navigation keys or cursor keys cover a array of keys which move the cursor to altered positions on the screen. Arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a defined direction; page annal keys, such as the Page Up and Page Down keys, annal the page up and down. The Home key is acclimated to acknowledgment the cursor to the alpha of the band area the cursor is located; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line. The Tab key advances the cursor to the next tab stop.
The Admit key is mainly acclimated to about-face amid overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any argument that is present on and afterwards its accepted location, and admit mode, area the cursor inserts a appearance at its accepted position, banishment all characters accomplished it one position further. The Delete key discards the appearance advanced of the cursor's position, affective all afterward characters one position "back" arise the freed place. On abounding anthology computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the aforementioned key) serves the aforementioned purpose as a Backspace key. The Backspace key deletes the above-mentioned character.
Lock keys lock allotment of a keyboard, depending on the settings selected. The lock keys are broadcast about the keyboard. A lot of styles of keyboards accept three LEDs advertence which locks are enabled, in the high appropriate bend aloft the numeric pad. The lock keys cover Annal lock, Num lock (which allows the use of the numeric keypad), and Caps lock.
System commands[edit]
The SysRq and Print awning commands generally allotment the aforementioned key. SysRq was acclimated in beforehand computers as a "panic" button to balance from crashes (and it is still acclimated in this faculty to some admeasurement by the Linux kernel; see Magic SysRq key). The Print awning command acclimated to abduction the absolute awning and forward it to the printer, but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the clipboard. The Breach key/Pause key no best has a categorical purpose. Its origins go aback to teleprinter users, who capital a key that would briefly arrest the communications line. The Breach key can be acclimated by software in several altered ways, such as to about-face amid assorted login sessions, to abolish a program, or to arrest a modem connection.
In programming, abnormally old DOS-style BASIC, Pascal and C, Breach is acclimated (in affiliation with Ctrl) to stop affairs execution. In accession to this, Linux and variants, as able-bodied as abounding DOS programs, amusement this aggregate the aforementioned as Ctrl+C. On avant-garde keyboards, the breach key is usually labeled Pause/Break. In a lot of Windows environments, the key aggregate Windows key+Pause brings up the adjustment properties.
The Escape key (often abbreviated Esc) is acclimated to admit an escape sequence. As a lot of computer users no best are anxious with the data of authoritative their computer's peripherals, the assignment for which the escape sequences were originally designed, the escape key was appointed by appliance programmers, a lot of generally to "escape" or aback out of a mistaken command. This use continues today in Microsoft Windows's use of escape as a adjustment in chat boxes for No, Quit, Exit, Cancel, or Abort.
A accepted appliance today of the Esc key is as a adjustment key for the Stop button in abounding web browsers. On machines active Microsoft Windows, above-mentioned to the accomplishing of the Windows key on keyboards, the archetypal convenance for invoking the "start" button was to authority down the ascendancy key and columnist escape. This action still works in Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, and 8.
The Admission key is located: One in the alphanumeric keys and the added one is in the numeric keys. If one formed something on their computer and capital to do something with their work, acute the admission key would do the command they ordered. Accession action is to actualize a amplitude for next paragraph. If one typed and accomplished accounting a branch and they capital to accept a additional paragraph, they could columnist admission and it would do spacing.
Shift key: if one presses about-face and a letter, it will capitalize the letter apprenticed with the about-face key. Accession use is to blazon added symbols than arise to be available, for instance the apostrophe key is accompanied with a citation mark on the top. If one wants to blazon the citation mark but apprenticed that key alone, the attribute that would arise would be the apostrophe. The citation mark will alone arise if both the appropriate key and the About-face key are pressed.
The Card key or Appliance key is a key begin on Windows-oriented computer keyboards. It is acclimated to barrage a ambience card with the keyboard rather than with the accepted appropriate abrasion button. The key's attribute is usually a baby figure depicting a cursor aerial aloft a menu. On some Samsung keyboards the cursor in the figure is not present, assuming the card only. This key was created at the aforementioned time as the Windows key. This key is commonly acclimated if the appropriate abrasion button is not present on the mouse. Some Windows accessible terminals do not accept a Card key on their keyboard to anticipate users from right-clicking (however, in abounding Windows applications, a agnate functionality can be invoked with the Shift+F10 keyboard shortcut).
Miscellaneous[edit]
Multimedia buttons on some keyboards accord quick admission to the Internet or ascendancy the aggregate of the speakers.
Many, but not all, computer keyboards accept a numeric keypad to the appropriate of the alphabetic keyboard which contains numbers, basal algebraic symbols (e.g., addition, subtraction, etc.), and a few action keys. On Japanese/Korean keyboards, there may be Emphasis ascribe keys. Some keyboards accept adeptness administration keys (e.g., adeptness key, beddy-bye key and deathwatch key); Internet keys to admission a web browser or E-mail; and/or multimedia keys, such as aggregate controls or keys that can be programmed by the user to barrage a defined software or command like ablution a bold or abbreviate all windows.
Numeric keys[edit]
When we calculate, we use these numeric keys to blazon numbers. Symbols anxious with calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and analysis symbols are amid in this accumulation of keys. The admission key in this keys announce the according sign.
Multiple layouts[edit]
It is accessible to install assorted keyboard layouts aural an operating adjustment and about-face amid them, either through appearance implemented aural the OS, or through an alien application. Microsoft Windows,[7] Linux,[8] and Mac[9] accommodate abutment to add keyboard layouts and accept from them.
Layout alteration software[edit]
The appearance cipher produced by any key columnist is bent by the keyboard disciplinarian software. A key columnist generates a scancode which is interpreted as an alphanumeric appearance or ascendancy function. Depending on operating systems, assorted appliance programs are accessible to create, add and about-face a part of keyboard layouts. Abounding programs are available, some of which are emphasis specific.
The adjustment of symbols of specific emphasis can be customized. An absolute keyboard blueprint can be edited, and a new blueprint can be created application this blazon of software.
For example, Ukelele for Mac, The Microsoft Keyboard Blueprint Creator[10] and open-source Avro Keyboard for Windows ACCOMMODATE THE
adeptness to adapt the keyboard blueprint as desired. Added programs with agnate functions cover The Microsoft Keyboard Blueprint Creator.[11]
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